HUMAN IDENTIFICATION😊

HUMAN IDENTIFICATION

• Corpus delicti: Body of offense/Body of crime.

• Mnemonic: Delecti = delicate

Types of identification:

• Presumptive identification:
1. Race: Skull (Best).
2. Sex: Pelvis (Best).
3. Stature:
• Regression formulae.
• Multiplication factor.
• Percentile formula.
• Femur 27% (Best) of total height
• Humerus 20%.
• Tibia 22%.
• Spine 34%
4. Age.
• Definitive identification:
• Dactylography: Most reliable.
• DNA fingerprinting (Same for identical twins).
• Scars.
• Tattoo marks.
• Superimposition.

Identification of Race & Sex

Race

• 3 major races:
• Mongoloid
• Negroid
• Caucasoid
• Mnemonic: Mens → MNC

• Indices for race determination:
• Mnemonic: Cricket determine race → BCCI
• Brachial index:
• From upper limb
• Cephalic index:
• From cranium (Best)
• Crural index:
• From lower limb
• Intermembral index:
• Compare upper & lower limb

Cephalic index:

• Mnemonic:
• Stand with support → 9 months → Knee develop



• Femur lower end and tibia upper end
• Calum Talayum
• Cuboid → Cub → At birth

Mandible:

• Mandible: Fuse at midline at 1-2 years

• Mnemonic: At 18 years → Say sasagayo
• Wrist () to medial end of clavicle (appear at 18 years)

Humerus:

• Mnemonic: # parts → Head, tubercle, acromion → 1 year (head) to 15 years (acromion) → between = 3, 5 (3 x 5 = 15)

Elbow joint:

• Mnemonic CRITOE.
• 1 → 5 → 6 → 9 → 9 → 11
• Pattern
1. Lateral
2. Medial → Centre → Medial
3. Lateral up

• All 6 centres appeared.
• Not fused.
• 11 -16 years.
• Fused
• 16-17 years

• Max breadth of skull / max length of skull x 100.

• 70 - 75: 
• Dolicocephalic 
• Caucasians/Aryans/Africans.
• Carabelli → Caucasians
• IQ 10-75 → Dulls (Americans, africans, aryans) → dumb bcz they have carabellum (carabelli) instead of cerebellum

• 75 - 80: 
• Mesaticephalic 
• Indian/Chinese/Europeans.
• IQ 75-80 → Medium good (Indians, chinese, europeans) → Mesatti

• 80 - 85: 
• Brachycephalic 
• Japanese/mongols
• Shovel shaped incisors
• Enamel pearls
• IQ 80-85 → Brainy (Brachy ) Japanese → shovel (Shovel shaped incisors) eduth pani cheythapo Pearls (Enamel pearls) kittti

Sex

• Orbits
• Square with smooth margin
• Rounded with sharp margin

• All large and wide in males except:
• F/P eminence
• Nasal aperture
• Female forehead, orbit, chin round

• Mnemonic:
• Male all square
• Except obturator → oval;
• ⇒ Pubis → triangular
• Female all round
• Except Pubis → Square
• ⇒ Obturator → Triangle
• Deep structures
• Males → Greater sciatic notch
• Female → Pre Auricular sulcus
• Males → Pelvis bottom structures are inverted inside → no need to pass the baby
• All muscle markings are more prominent in males except
• Priya (Pre auricular → deep) de Front (Frontal) Part (Parietal) Prominent anu
• All indexes are more in females except
• Male index more → Basal (corpobasal) index

Pelvic Bone Differences (Male vs Female)

• Corporobasal index =
• Breadth of body of S1 / Breadth of base of sacrum x 100.
• More in males.
• > 42% → male
• < 42% → female

• Pre-auricular sulcus: Deeper in females.

Specific bone used to determine sex:

Sacrum:

• Mnemonic:
• Identify one level above lowest level in each section → Its is 50
• Now everything else is 40 except the lowermost which is 60

Sternum:

• Ashley’s rule of 149:
• Sternal length = Manubrium + Body
  (NOT XEPHOID)
• > 149 mm = Male.
• < 149 mm = Female.

• Mnemonic: Sternum = measuring scale length -= 15cm

Accuracy of sex determination from bones

Krogman’s accuracy:

Skeletal Part	Sex Determination Accuracy
Complete set	100%
Pelvis + Skull	98%
Pelvis + Long bones	98%
Pelvis	95% (Best, even in children)
Skull	90%
Long bones	80%

• Mnemonic:
• Krogman
• Frog (Krog) → Man () anonn ariyan cheyyunna test

• Best bone
• Ilium - greater sciatic notch

• Best long bone
• Femur

Age Estimation

• Types:
1. Fetus:
• Crown to heel length.
• Ossification.
2. Prepuberty:
• Teeth:
• Eruption.
• Mineralization (Most reliable).
• Ossification.
3. Adult:
• Teeth: Secondary changes.
• Skull sutures: Closures.
• Pubic symphyseal surface change
• (Most Reliable).

Crown to Heel Length:

• Mnemonic: Crown has (hasse) more (morrison) children → Atleast 5

• Note: CHL = Crown rump length (CRL) x 1.5.

• Rule of Hasse:
• < 5 months of gestation (<25 cm).
• GA = Root of CHL.

• Rule of Morrison:
• > 5 months of gestation (>25 cm).
• GA = CHL/5.

Ossification Centre

Wrist joint:

Order of appearance of carpal bones:

• Mnemonic: UR →
• U fuse first
• before 18 years
• R later
• after 18

• If he has 7 carpal bones → Predicted age
• 5 (min) - 12 (max) years of age

• 3 yrs - 4 yrs = 3 (+1 radial end)
• Capitate, hamate, triquetral, radial end appeared

Summary

• Intra Uterine
• Ankle bones
• Knee → femur lower end and tibia upper end
• Sternum
• 55 77 10 → 1.5 years (X)

Determine Age

• Posterior fontanelle (Lambda): 3 - 6 months.

• Anterior fontanelle (Bregma): 18 months.

• Metopic suture: 9 months - 2 years.

• Sphenooccipital suture (Base of skull): 18 - 21 years.

 

Pelvis :

Sacrum:

• 22 - 25 years.

Sternum:

• Intrauterine life
• 55 77 10 → 1.5
• 15 → 20 → 25

• Fuse:
• below → upwards after IUL

Dentition

Types of teeth:

Primary (Milk teeth):

• Temporary: 20.

• Order of eruption:

Tooth	Eruption Age	ㅤ
I (Incisor)	6 months (First: Lower Central Incisor)	0.5
M₁ (1st Molar)	12 months	1 (m1)
C (Canine)	18 months	1.5
m₂ (2nd Molar)	24 months	2 (m2)

Mnemonic: IM CM

• Time gap for spacing of jaw.
• Between M2 and M3
• Failure: Impacted tooth
• M3: m/c

• Anterior → Posterior:
• Reliability↓
• Central Incisors:
• most reliable
• M3: least reliable

Secondary Teeth:

• Permanent: 32

• Order of eruption:
• Mnemonic: MaKKaLde (M1, CI, LI) Pallu (PM1) Payye (PM2) CMMing (Canine, M2, M3)

Period of mixed dentition: 6 - 11 years.

• Period with both temporary & permanent teeth
• Total number constant = 24.
• Permanent teeth = (Age - 5) x 4.

Other Methods of estimation of age after 25 years:

• Estimate age of → Guest, boy, stock

Gustafson’s method:

• Mnemonic: Andhra Pradeshil Guest (Gustafson) ayi poyapo → APSRTC () vann mugath idich → Pallu poi marich → Pallu vach nammala age kand pidikunath (Teeth → Age)

• Mnemonic: APSRTC.
• Attrition.
• Paradentosis.
• Secondary dentin (2nd reliable).
• Secondary → Second
• Root resorption.
• Transparency of root (Most reliable).
• T → Top
• Cementum apposition.

• SRTC → Microscopy

• Mnemonic: Attichapo (Attrition) veena Pallinte cementum () rootum () maatti Pakaram (Paradentition) Secondary () transparent vach

Stack’s method:

• From the height and weight of the tooth.
• Useful for infants.

Boyde’s method:

• For infants and children.

• Counting microscopic incremental lines in teeth.

• First line
• Neonatal line:
• Appear on Day 2/3
• Sign of live born
• After Neonatal Line → Every day, one line.

• Mnemonic: Boyde → Boy de Lines ennanam

DENTAL CHARTING

Universal Method:

• Continuous numbering 1 - 32.

• Starting right upper and clockwise.

FDI Method:

• Best method

• Worldwide mostly used.

• Mnemonic: FBI is the best

• Permanent teeth prefix:
• 1, 2, 3, 4
• each for specific quadrant in clockwise.

• Counting teeth 1 - 8, medial lateral.

• Temporary teeth prefix:
• 5, 6, 7, 8.

• 2 digit system.

Palmer’s Notation:

• Count medial → lateral.

• With symbol for quadrants.

Haderup’s Notation:

• (+) Maxillary, (-) mandibular teeth.

• On right:
• (+) is put on right side of number

• On left:
• (+) is put on left side of number

• Mnemonic: Had → Add symbol

Dactylography and Other Methods

Dactylography

• Best method.

• Done with Galton’s system.

• Different even in twins.

• Not inherited.

• FP Develop in intrauterine life:
• Starts: 12 - 16th week (3 - 4 m).
• Completed: 20 - 24th week (5 - 6 m).

Patterns:

• Mnemonic: LoW ArC ()

Analysis:

• By comparing minutiae (rich patterns)
• If 12 - 16 matching
• same person
• More matches, the better.

Fingerprint Abnormalities:

• Atrophy:
• Celiac disease
• Complete Atrophy → Also in burns
• Ceiling complete idinj veenu
• Dermatitis
• Partial Atrophy
• Skin kurach tholi povum → Partial

• Permanent alteration (?permanent loss)
• Leprosy.
• Electrocution.
• Radiation.

• Complete absence:
• Adermatoglyphia.

• ↑ Space b/w ridges: AIR.
• Acromegaly.
• Infantile paralysis.
• Rickets → Vitamin D Deficiency

• Altered ridges: SEA
• Scleroderma
• Eczema
• Acanthosis nigricans

Other Methods of HI

• Locard’s poroscopy.
• Arrangement of sweat pores:

• Cheiloscopy:
• Suzuki classification used.
• Lip print identification

• Rugoscopy/Palatoscopy:
• Anterior hard palate is evaluated.
• Mnemonic: Rugosities in Palate

Tattoo marks:

• Faint tattoo visualized by:
• Magnifying glass.
• Infrared photography.
• For Old tattoo marks
• UV light.
• For Faded tattoo marks
• Regional LN examination (Pigment).

Tattoo Mark

• Mnemonic: Worm vanna (vermillion) muttayi, indian (Indigo, india dye) muttayi, persian muttayi (Persian blue), chocobar (cinnabar), cadburry (cadmium)

• Dyes used (Mnemonic: VIP Car)
• Vermilion dye
• Indigo dye / India ink dye
• Persian blue
• Cinnabar dye
• Cadmium dye
• Cobalt

Superimposition:

• Matching the skull & antemortem photograph of missing person.

• Look and match:
• Inner, outer canthus.
• Alveolar margin, etc.

• Negative value tests:
• Helps with exclusion.

From a Charred Body

• Teeth is most preferred for identificatoin.

• It is most resistant to burns