SEXUAL JURISPRUDENCE AND TRACE EVIDENCE😊

SEXUAL JURISPRUDENCE AND TRACE EVIDENCE

Terminology

• Sterility (M/F):
• Inability to beget children.

• Fecundation ab extra:
• Conception in a female without penile penetration.

Bite marks

Steps in the bite marks:

1. Complete description of injury as seen

2. Take a picture in the plane of the bite while keeping the scale measuring below the mark

3. 2 swab technique for collecting saliva

4. With vinyl polysiloxane, prepare the cast.

Hymen & Terminologies Related to Pregnancy

Hymen

• Glaister Keen
• Used for examination of hymen

• Medicolegally imp variant of hymen
• Fimbriate hymen
• Mistaken for tear

• Most common type
• Semilunar hymen

Hymen tear

• Site of hymenal tear
• Posterolateral: Penile penetration.
• Anterior: Digital/Foreign body.

Intact hymen

• Intact even after intercourse:
• False virgin:
• Too elastic/loose/thick.
• Female child:
• Deep seated.

Terminologies Related to Pregnancy

• Phantom/Spurious pregnancy/Pseudocyesis:
• Female believes she’s pregnant.
• Presentation:
• Amenorrhea (D/t hormonal imbalance).
• Abdominal distension (D/t fat).
• Morning sickness.
• No confirmatory signs.
• On USG:
• No fetal parts/heart sound.
• Empty uterus.

• Superfecundation vs. Superfetation:



• Superfecundation:
• Fertilisation of 2 ova.
• Ovulatory cycle: Same.
• Acts of coitus: 2.
• Superfetation (Rare):
• 2 ova.
• Ovulatory cycle: Different.
• Acts of coitus: 2.

• Supposititious
• Fictitious/Substituted/Forged child:
• Female may feign pregnancy & claim some other child as her own.

• Atavism:
• Child resembling grand parents.

• Posthumous:
• Child born after the death of father.

• Lochia:
• Sign of recent delivery.
• Lochia rubra → Lochia serosa → Lochia alba.

Infant Death

• Under 103 BNS: Amounts to murder.

• Killing of:
• Neonate (<24 hr): Neonaticide.
• Infant (<1 yr): Infanticide.
• Fetus: Foeticide.
• Fetus by parents: Filicide.

SIGNS OF A BABY BORN DEAD

External Signs

• Rigor mortis ??

• Macerated.

• Mummification.

Maceration

• Aseptic autolysis.

• Skin reddening/slippage (Earliest sign: 12 hrs).

• Sweetish disagreeable odour.

Radiological Signs

• Ball’s sign:
• Hyperflexion of spine.

Postmortem Examination

• Autopsy:
• Abdomen opened first then thorax.

Live Born Baby

• Cry of baby
• Inside Vagina
• Vagitus vaginalis
• Uterus
• Vagitus Uternus

Sexual Offenses

Rape

• 63 BNS: Definition of rape.

• 64 BNS: Punishment of rape, 10 yrs imprisonment.

• 72 BNS: Punishment for disclosure of identity of victim

• Mnemonic: 63 yr old guy raped → got punished at 64 years

Definition:

1. Penetration of penis to Vagina, urethra, anus or mouth.

2. Insertion of object/body part to Vagina, urethra or anus.

3. Manipulates any body part of woman to cause penetration to Vagina, urethra, anus or part of body.

4. Application of mouth to or makes her to do so to Vagina, urethra, anus of a woman.
• i. Against her will.
• ii. Without her consent.
• iii. Consent obtained due to fear of death or hurt.
• iv. Consent due to misrepresentation of facts/fraud/impersonation.
• v. Consent due to unsoundness of mind or intoxication/stupefying substance.
• vi. Age <18 y.
• vii. When she is unable to communicate consent.

• Statutory rape:
• Victim age <18 yr (Minimum age of consent).

In-camera trial

• Closed court room proceedings for rape cases.

• Under 366 (2) BNSS.

• 365 days watching → 366

Medical Examination

Accused:

• Section 52 BNSS.

• Consent Not needed

• Absence of smegma on corona glandis
• S/o intercourse in last 24 hrs

Victim:

• Section 184 BNSS.
• Mnemonic:
• 52 year old accused
• 18 year old girl → For consent (184)

• Consent: Mandatory.

• <18 yrs:
• Only by female medical practitioner in the presence of guardian/parent.

• Vaginal swab → to look for the presence of spermatozoa
• Up to 96 hours (4 days).
• Evidence is considerably diminished after 72 hours

Content from vagina	Time period
Motile sperms	12 hrs
Sperms/ Spermatozoa	72 hrs
Semen	96 hrs

• After 96 hours,
• evidence from objects like clothing can be gathered.

• Preservation of samples:
• Sperm: Upto 3 days.
• Semen: Upto 4 days.

• Tests:
• Toluidine blue test:
• Recent microinjuries.
• NOT SPERM
• Mnemonic: Toluidine → tola nokkan
• Motile sperm (6-12hr): Recent rape.

Unnatural Sexual Offenses

• Not punishable under BNS now.

• Incest:
• Sex b/w family members, not punishable in India if consensual b/w adults.
• Oedipus complex: Mother & son.
• Electra complex: Father & daughter.
• Pharoan complex: Brother & sister.

• Lesbianism/Tribadism/Sapphism:
• B/w females.
• Passive partner: Femme.
• Active partner: Dyke.

• Sodomy/Greek love/Buggery:
• Penile anal sex.
• If an adult male with:
• Child (Catamite): pedarasty.
• Elderly: Gerontophilia.

• Buccal coitus/Oral sex/Sin of Gomorrah:
• Oral stimulation of:
• Penis: Fellatio.
• Vagina: Cunnilingus.

• Bestiality:
• Intercourse with lower animals.

Lateral Buttock Traction Test

• Assesses habituation to anal intercourse.

• Method: Thumb on each buttock cheek → gentle lateral traction.

• Not habituated: Reflex anal sphincter constriction.

• Habituated: Sphincter relaxation.

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act

• Child and welfare committees

Sexual Perversions

• Sexual gratification without intercourse.

Paraphilia Mode of sexual gratification

• Sadism/Algolagnia:
• By inflicting pain/physical cruelty.
• Mnemonic: Alolagnia → Laathi vach adi

• Masochism/Passive algolagnia:
• By receiving painful stimulus from opposite partner.
• Mnemonic: Maso → Me; Chis → Critisism (Pain) → Me pain

• Lust murder:
• By killing victim.

• Bondage:
• Sadist + Masochist.

• Eonism
• Cross-dressing with desire to adopt opposite gender role
• Mnemonic: Transgenders are eons ahead

• Transvestism
• Cross-dressing linked to sexual arousal
• Considered a paraphilia (Transvestic Disorder) in DSM
• Mnemonic: Trans (opp gender) Vest (dress)

• Exhibitionism:
• Recurrent, intense, sexual urge to expose ones genital to an unsuspecting stranger.
• Punishable under 296 BNS:
• Streaking: Publicly runs nude.
• Mooning: Shows gluteal region.
• Flashing: Suddenly undressing & exposing private parts.

• Voyeurism/Scotophilia:



• Watching private acts of unsuspecting female (Peeping tom).
• Punishable under 77 BNS.
• Mnemonic: a sea voyager looking through scope and holding scotch bottle → standing on a ship with two sails looking like "7" → cartoon

• Fetichism:
• With inanimate objects/non-living things.
• Mnemonic: Feet fetish

• Frotteurism:
• Rubbing genitalia against non-consenting person in public.
• Punishable under 75 BNS.
• Mnemonic: Frotteurism = friction

• Scatalogia:
• Talking obscenity.
• Mnemonic: Scatalogia = Chatalogia

• Klismaphilia:
• Taking enema.

• Urophilia/Undinism:
• Sight/smell/thought of urine.
• Mnemonic: Undi

• Coprophilia:
• Sight/smell/thought of feces.

• Ecouterism:
• Listening to sounds a/w sexual intercourse

• Necrophilia:
• Intercourse with dead body.
• Punishable under 301 BNS.
• Rape - Punish → 63 → Rape dead body 301

• Necrophagia:
• Eating dead body.

MTP (Amendment) Act 2021

Indications

• < 20 weeks → all indications

• > 20 - 24 weeks → except social

• > 24 weeks → Eugenic and therapeutic
• Eugenic: Fetal abnormalities.
• Therapeautic: Maternal disease.
• Social: Failure of contraception.
• Humanitarian: Rape/Incest.

Qualifications to do MTP

• For doing MTP till 12 weeks:
• RMP who has assisted in 25 MTPs
• (At least 5 should be as primary surgeon).

• For doing MTP between 12-20 weeks:
1. RMP with 6 months of house job in Obs gynae
2. or RMP with 1 year of experience in any hospital with all facilities.
3. Diploma/Degree/DNB in Obs and gynae.

• RMP: Registered medical practitioner.

MTP Amendment 2022

• MTP can be done till: 
• 24 weeks.

• In case of contraceptive failure: 
• MTP done till 20 weeks only.

• In severe congenital anomalies of fetus: 
• No upper limit 
• If medical board permits

• Medical board: 
• Gynaecologist, Radiologist & Paediatrician and
• such other number of members as may be notified in the official gazette by the state gov or the union teritary as the case may be

Consent for MTP

• Female’s consent is needed for MTP.

• Min age >18 yrs.

• <18 yrs/Mentally ill: Consent of guardian.

• No need for spouse consent.

• Age proof: Not needed.

• Marriage certificate: Not needed.

• FIR report of rape: Not needed.

• All records of MTP should be maintained for 5 years.
• To be forwarded monthly to district CMO.
• Strictly confidential: Violation punishable.

Criminal abortion/Unlawful abortion/Voluntary miscarriage

• 88 [P]: With consent of female.

• 89 [P]: Without consent of female.

• 90 [P]: With/without consent, resulted in death of female.

Evidence Collection

Test for Blood Stains

Violent sweat

Elder Fecus

• Christmas tree stain

• Mnemonic:
• Blue Benze and Pink Pen on Castle
• Lumen (Luminol spray) → Light → UV
• Take (Takayama) a Pink feather () and Color (hemochromogen) it → Teach (Teichman) Him (Haemin) about Brown Crystals () → Make him absorb (absorbtion → reliable)
• Precipitate (Precipitin) the DNA (DNA analysis)

After confirmatory test, to identify species/Origin of sample :

• Precipitin test (more specific)
• Samples
• Hair
• Semen
• Blood

• DNA analysis

• Benzidine test, Phenolphthalein test; Kastle Mayer Test; Teichman test, takayamas test, Absorption spectrometry

Tests for Seminal Stains

• Blue light or UV-light is used to visualize semen,
• due to the presence of molecules which fluoresces
• such as flavin and choline-conjugated proteins.

• Mnemonic:
1. Barber - Came with sperm (Spermine) in his hand → pricked (Use Picric acid) with needle (Needle shaped crystals)
2. Florine (Fluorence) chlorine iodine (Phosphoryl choline iodide) bromine (Brown Rhomboid crystals)