Unanswered Physiology

  1. Which lobe is affected by a lesion that results in a deficit in hand-eye coordination?
    A. Parietal lobe
    B. Frontal lobe
    C. Temporal lobe
    D. Occipital lobe
    B
  1. Which of the options below acts as a selective alpha-1 receptor antagonist in medical practice?
    A. phenoxybenzamine
    B. Phentolamine
    C. prazosin
    D. idazoxan
    C
  1. A person is having increased sexual activity ,increased appetite, anger and no fear , where is
    structure injured?
    A. Amygdala
    B. Thalamus
    C. Cingulate gyrus
    D. Hypothalamus ????
  1. What is the term used to describe the opposition to passive stretching?
    A. Tone
    B. Spasticity
    C. Rigidity
    D. Paratonia
  1. In regards to regulating local concentrations, the degradation of hormones is observed in
    __________.
    A. 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inactivation of glucocorticoids
    B. Thyroid hormone deiodinases inactivating T3
    C. Degradation of retinoic acid by Cyp26b1 in primordial germ cell of males
    D. All of the above
  1. All are Glucogenic hormones except?
    A. ADH
    B. Glucagon
    C. Thyroxine
    D. Glucocorticoids
  1. Which of the following is not a nuclear signalling pathway?
    A. Caveolins
    B. NF-kB
    C. Importins
    D. Rat proteins
  1. Which of the statements below is incorrect regarding the metabolic ebb and flow responses to
    trauma according to Cuthbertson?
    A. The “ebb” phase is associated with a decline in body temperature and oxygen consumption
    B. The “flow” phase occurs after resuscitation from a state of shock
    C. The “ebb” phase is aimed at reducing posttraumatic energy depletion
    D. The “ebb” phase leads to activation of the innate immune system and induction of the hepatic acute-phase response
  • Correct Option D: The "ebb" phase leads to activation of the innate immune system and induction of the hepatic acute-phase response
    • The ebb phase is primarily associated with metabolic changes and the body's initial response to
    trauma.
    • It is not directly involved in the activation of the innate immune system or induction of the hepatic acute-phase response, which are processes that occur during the subsequent flow phase.
  1. In serous acinar cells, what is the typical location of the Golgi apparatus?
    A. Supranculear
    B. Basal
    C. Adjacent to nucleus
    D. Apical
      2. The location of the Golgi apparatus in serous acinar cells is critical for their function.
      • Supranuclear (Above the nucleus)
        • This is the correct position.
        • It is located towards the apical (top) region of the cell.
        • Function: Allows for packaging and modification of proteins.
          • These proteins are produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
          • They are then transported to the apical surface for secretion.
      • Basal (Base of the cell)
        • The Golgi apparatus is not typically found here.
        • Functions of the basal region:
          • Anchoring the cell to the basement membrane.
          • Nutrient uptake.
  1. How do eukaryotes engage in intercellular communication?
    A. Lysosome
    B. Peroxisome
    C. Exosome
    D. Genome

      2. Exosomes

      • Small extracellular vesicles
      • Formed via endocytic pathway
      • Released into extracellular space
      Functions:
      • Act as carriers of bioactive molecules
      • Transfer contents to neighboring or distant cells
      • Intercellular communication
  1. Which of the following options has the lowest concentration in intracellular fluid (ICF)?
    A. Calcium
    B. Magnesium
    C. Potassium
    D. Protein
  1. While performing a Histamine test on an individual with an injury to the trunk of brachial plexus , you
    can expect ___________.
    A. Central capillary dilation → wheal → Surrounding flare
    B. Central capillary dilation → Wheal without surrounding flare
    C. Central capillary dilation → Wheal with exaggerated surrounding flare
    D. Absent Triple Response

      2. Histamine Skin Test Responses

      This test assesses microcirculatory and nervous system integrity.

      Normal Histamine Response

      This describes the typical response in a healthy individual:
      • Histamine applied to skin.
      • Central capillary dilation → Increased blood flow.
      • Wheal formation:
        • Localized swelling.
        • Result of fluid extravasation.
        • Caused by increased vascular permeability.
      • Surrounding flare:
        • Extension of redness and warmth beyond the wheal area.
        • Mediated by axon reflex.
        • Involves release of neuropeptides.
        • Vasodilation mediated by sympathetic nervous system.

      Impaired Response: Wheal Without Surrounding Flare

      • Central capillary dilation → Wheal without surrounding flare.
      • Indicates impairment in axon reflex or sympathetic vasoconstrictor response.
      • Redness and warmth seen in a normal response are absent.
      • Seen in conditions like:
        • Neurological disorders.
        • Nerve injuries.
  1. Integrin connects with
    A. Cadherin
    B. Vitronectin
    C. Fibronectin
    D. Selectin

      2. Fibronectin

      • Type: Large glycoprotein in extracellular matrix
      • Structure: Forms fibrous network, acts as scaffold for cells
      • Interactions:
        • Binds to integrins (especially integrin α5β1 and integrin αvβ3)
      • Functions:
        • Cell adhesion
        • Cell migration
        • Cell signaling
        • Tissue development
        • Wound healing
        • Cell-matrix interactions
  1. What is the underlying factor leading to mortality in individuals with Diabetic ketoacidosis?
    A. Sepsis
    B. Dehydration
    C. Hypokalemia
    D. Cerebral edema
      • Cerebral Edema
        • Swelling of the brain.
        • Due to fluid movement from bloodstream into brain tissue.
        • Increases intracranial pressure.
        • Impairs brain function.
        • Potentially fatal if not managed.
        • Is a direct cause of death.
      • Dehydration
        • Common symptom of DKA.
        • Occurs due to excessive urination and fluid loss.
        • Not a direct cause of death.
        • Severe dehydration (if untreated) can contribute to complications that may lead to death.
  1. What is the cause of fetal heart rate acceleration?
    A. Carotid baroreceptor
    B. Aortic baroreceptor
      2. C. Autonomic nervous system
      D. Chemoreceptors

      Cause of fetal heart acceleration

      • Carotid body chemoreceptors > Autonomic Brainstem regulation
  1. Which of the following statements accurately describes Isovolumic relaxation?
    A. AV valves are closed
    B. Corresponds to QT interval
    C. 'C' wave of JVP
    D. Semilunar valves open
Hemoglobin with iron in ferric form is
A. Methemoglobin
B. HbA
C. Fetal hemoglobin
D. HbS